Violating Social Norms

For this assignment, I decided to violate the social norm of not talking on the phone while watching a movie in a movie theater. Before the movie started, I tested my sister and asked her to call me during the movie. When she did so, I proceeded to have a 2-3 minute conversation with her and spoke loudly so that those around me would notice and be distracted. The people around me In the theater were obviously bothered by my behavior and annoyed. Several people turned around to stare at me or whispered under their breath to their friends.A few Just Just shook their heads or sighed. The social norm of refraining from talking on the phone during In a movie theater was an example of an explicit (In this case), Injunctive norm. The norm was explicit because during the movie previews, there was an advertisement that read â€Å"Please no talking on the phone or testing during the movie. † Through this ad, everyone In the theater was made directly aware of the social norm. Not talking on the phone In a movie is an injunctive norm because it is observed as the socially acceptable and polite thing to do.It is perceived that people approve of this behavior because it shows respect and consideration for those who want to watch the movie free of distractions or disturbances. This social norm is typically enforced through compliance. Even if a person might originally consider talking on the phone in a movie theater, they usually comply with the theater's directly stated request to not do so in the pre-movie â€Å"Please do not talk on the phone or text during the movie† message. My violation of this social norm elicited various mechanisms of social control from those surrounding me.As mentioned above, fellow movie-watchers tried to make me feel guilty for my â€Å"rude† behavior by fidgeting in their seats, loudly sighing, frequently turning around to stare at me, and muttering complaints to their friends. A woman at the end of my row even turned to face me and loudly said â€Å"Really!? Please get off your phone. † During my violation of a social norm, I felt extremely uncomfortable and self- conscious. I felt like all the attention in the theater was focused on me, and that everyone was negatively Judging me. As a result of the hostile responses around me, I let very attacked, anxious and embarrassed.I wanted to remove myself from the awkward situation as soon as possible. I think the people around me In the movie theater would explain my behavior with the assumption that I have a blatant disregard for others. They would probably attribute my violation of the social norm to what they see as self-centeredness, disrespect, and social awkwardness because compliance with the norm of not using your cell phone in a movie theater attempts to show decency and concern for the enjoyment of others. Since I used my phone and did not try to control my volume, people logically assumed that I Just didn't care about those around me.Violat ing Social Norms By calligrapher's would notice and be distracted. The people around me in the theater were obviously The social norm of refraining from talking on the phone during in a movie theater was an example of an explicit (in this case), injunctive norm. The norm was explicit talking on the phone or testing during the movie. † Through this ad, everyone in the theater was made directly aware of the social norm.

Bible vs. Native American Creation Stories from the Southwestern United States Essay

Bible vs. Native American Creation Stories from the Southwestern United States Human curiosity is shared between both the Biblical creation story and the Native American myths . Both the Bibles account of creation and the Native American myths tell about an intelligent creator that created complicated beings. Creators in both of the stories have a dwelling in the sky. In Genesis, the creator God dwells in heaven. In Native American stories, the creator lives in the sky and is known as the Sky God. However much these two stories have in common, their differences are considerably stronger. One story places human above nature, while the other place animals above humans. The creation of humans is different, and the worlds in which human life began are unalike. The Bible and the Native Americans both value the importance of human life inversely. In the Bible, it is understood that God places the humans above nature,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (53). The Native American myths say that the animals ruled over the humans, because in each myth the animals were the ones that could talk and reason and think for themselves. In the intro to the Native American Stories, it is stated, â€Å"Generally, these creation myths hold that life began below ground and that the first creatures were prehumen, insect-like beings. They developed physically and socially into recognizable ancestors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (90). The Bible states the importance of human authority, while Native American myths find more intelligent life elsewhere. Additional information that shows how unlike these stories are is how the human form looked when first created. The Native American myths tell of humans that were first created in a form/shape other than what anyone today would expect. The Zuni Emergence Myth says, â€Å"Their hands and feet were webbed and they had tails and no mouths or exits† (93). However, when God created humans he created them in his own image. In Genesis, Chapter one; verse 26, it says, â€Å"Then God said, â€Å"Let us make man in our image† (53). When God created humans, they needed no adjustments. In the myths of the Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo, the humans had to be cut in certain places and certain ways so that they could eat, work, and carry out daily tasks. The prime distinction in the story from the Bible and the myths of the Native Americans is where humans began their existence. In the Bible, God speaks of only one world which is earth. The Bible says, â€Å"God call the dry land Earth. †(52). With the Native American creation myths, all forms of humans began in the first of four worlds. In the Zuni Emergence Myth, â€Å"They were living in the fourth world. † (91). The Hopi Creation Story is similar as well. â€Å"†¦ The Hopi Creation Story represents the first creatures as passing through four worlds†¦ † (94). The Navajo Creation Story is like these two as well, only they fly instead of climbing through the four worlds. It is stated in the Navajo Creation Story, â€Å"Rather than climbing, as in the Zuni story, the Navajo Air-Spirit People fly† (95). When God created humans, they began life in the only one world, while Native American myths have humans go through extensive searches in other worlds before they come to the one they are to live in. The Bible creation story and the Native American myths both give credit to a higher being for their creation. This is probably as close to similar as these two stories come. However much these two stories have in common, the differences are stronger. One story places human above nature, while the other place animals above humans. The creation of humans is different, and the worlds in which human life began are unalike. They follow the same paths just different journeys.

Ore Deposit Questions

Ore Deposit Questions Chapter 27: Mississippi Valley Type deposits Questions 1. Which geophysical method is/are used in discovering Mississippi Valley Type deposits? A. Airborne Magnetic SurveysC. Resistivity StudiesE. None of the above B. Induced Polarization MethodD. All of the above 2. All are host rocks for MVT deposits except for one. A. DolostoneC. BrauniteE. None of the above B. LimestoneD. All of the above 3. In which depth can MVT deposits be found? A. Shallow DepthC. Great DepthE. None of the above B. Average DepthD. All of the above 4. Which of the following is the wall rock alteration method used in MVT deposits?A. RecrystallizationC. Hydrothermal BrecciationE. None of the above B. DissolutionD. All of the above 5. Which of the following is a mineral assemblage of MVT deposits? A. ChalcedonyC. TectoliteE. None of the above B. MarcasiteD. All of the above 6. Which of the following is considered the most important environmental consideration for MVT deposits? A. Copper cont entC. Carbonate contentE. None of the above B. Iron Sulfide contentD. All of the above 7. Which of the following is the mining method used in MVT deposits? A. Long wall methodC. Underground room methodE. None of the above B.Pillar methodD. All of the above 8. All are ore processing methods use in MVT deposits except for one. A. PulverizingC. Magnetic SeparationE. None of the above B. FlotationD. All of the above 9. Which country contains the largest amount of MVT deposits? A. North AmericaC. EuropeE. None of the Above B. North AfricaD. All of the Above 10. Which of the following mineral rarely occurs in MVT deposits? A. DolomiteC. FluoriteE. None of the above B. SphaleriteD. All of the above 11. The following is/are characteristic of MVT deposits except. A. Platform carbonate sequence deposits C.Deposits are in dolostone E. None of the above B. Ore is epigenetic and stratabound D. All of the above 12. Which of the following is a major commodity of MVT deposits? A. GoldC. IronE. None of the above B. CopperD. All of the above 13. The following are examples of places where MVT is abundant except for one. A. Tri StateC. Grand CanyonE. None of the above B. Viburnum TrendD. All of the above 14. The following are examples of exhalative deposits associated with MVT deposits except for one. A. LeadC. BariteE. None of the above B. ZincD. All of the above 15. A.Salt Diapirs are associated with MVT deposits. B. Most MVT deposits are surrounded by carbonate rocks. A. A is true and B is falseC. Both statements are trueE. No conclusion can be drawn B. A is false and B is trueD. Both statement are false 16. The following are nature of ores of MVT deposits except for one. A. Massive replacement zonesC. Disseminated fractures of crystalsE. None of the above B. Open space fillingsD. All of the above 17. Which mining method poses the greatest environmental concern for MVT deposits? A. Smelter ActivitiesC. Acid DrainageE. None of the Above B. Tailings PondsD.Both A and B 18. MVT d eposits can be located at the following except for one. A. Fault zoneC. Fold beltsE. None of the above B. Thrust beltsD. All of the above 19. The following are trace element minerals of MVT deposit except for one. A. SeC. SrE. None of the above B. SbD. All of the above 20. Significant airborne amounts of the following elements may lead to potential environmental consideration of MVT deposit except for one. A. CadmiumC. ArsenicE. None of the above B. MercuryD. All of the above 21. Which of the following rock types are mainly found in MVT deposits? A. IgneousC. SedimentaryE.None of the above B. MetamorphicD. All of the above 22. The following are considered nature of ores for ore bodies of MVT deposits except for one. A. Massive replacement zonesC. Open space fillings of fracturesE. None of the above B. Bleaching (Oxidation)D. All of the above 23. MVT deposits are commonly located in what type of structure? A. Platform or Basin flanksC. Volcanic VentsE. None of the above B. Breccia Pi pesD. All of the above 24. Which toxic metal could be a problem in the immediate vicinity of mineralized pipes in for MVT deposit? A. CopperC. ZincE. None of the above B. LeadD.All of the above 25. Which state produces the highest amount of MVT deposits in the United States? A. ArizonaC. MississippiE. None of the above B. FloridaD. All of the above Chapter 28: Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits Questions 1. The following are geophysical methods used in Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits except for one. C. Gamma-radiation SurveysC. Ground Penetrating RadarE. None of the above D. Induced Polarization MethodD. All of the above 2. The following are rocks associated with Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits except for one. C. SandstoneC.SiltstoneE. None of the above D. LimestoneD. All of the above 3. Which of the following is a wall rock alteration method for Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits? C. RecrystallizationC. Hydrothermal BrecciationE. None of the ab ove D. Bleaching (Oxidation)D. All of the above 4. The following are examples of Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits except for one. C. Orphan LodeC. Pigeon, ArizonaE. None of the above D. EZ-2D. All of the above 5. The following are major commodities of in Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits except for one. C. ZincC. CopperE. None of the aboveD. LeadD. All of the above 6. Solution- Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits are commonly located in what type of structure? C. Breccia pipesC. Thrust BeltsE. None of the above D. Volcanic VentsD. All of the above 7. Which of the following is the mining method used in Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe U deposits? C. Long wall methodC. Underground room methodE. None of the above D. Pillar methodD. All of the above 8. All are ore processing methods use in Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe U deposits except for one. C. PulverizingC. Magnetic SeparationE. None of the above D. FlotationD.All of the above 9. Which state contain s the largest amount of Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe U deposits? C. MinnesotaC. ArizonaE. None of the Above D. MississippiD. All of the Above 10. The following are primary ore minerals of Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe U deposits except for one. C. UraniumC. SphaleriteE. None of the above D. FluoriteD. All of the above 11. The following is/are characteristic of Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe deposits except. C. Platform carbonate sequence deposits C. Deposits are in dolostone E. None of the above D. Ore is epigenetic and stratabound D.All of the above 12. Which of the following is a major commodity of Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe deposits? C. GoldC. IronE. None of the above D. UraniumD. All of the above 13. The following are synonym of Solution – Collapse Breccia Pipe U Deposits except for one. C. Orphan Lode-type depositC. Podiform ChromiteE. None of the above D. Sedimentary breccia pipe depositD. All of the above 14. The following are examples of exhalative deposits associated with Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits except for one. C. LeadC. BariteE. None of the above D. ZincD. All of the above 15. A.Primary ore in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits are confined in volcanic plumes. B. Most Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits are surrounded by carbonate rocks. C. A is true and B is falseC. Both statements are trueE. No conclusion can be drawn D. A is false and B is trueD. Both statement are false 16. Which of the following solution can dissolve Uranium ore found in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposit? A. Acid solutionC. Solvent extractionE. None of the above B. Alkaline solutionD. Both A and B 17. Which mining method poses the greatest environmental concern for Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits?A. Smelter ActivitiesC. Acid DrainagesE. None of the Above B. Tailings PondsD. Both A and B 18. What kind of cement is found to bind together host rocks o f Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits A. Carbonate mineralsC. Portland cementE. None of the above B. ClayD. All of the above 19. Which of the following is a trace element of Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits? A. SeC. SrE. None of the above B. MoD. All of the above 20. Which toxic metal could be a problem in the immediate vicinity of mineralized pipes in for Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposit? A. Zinc metalC.ArsenicE. None of the above B. LeadmetalD. All of the above 21. How many months will it take for primary ore to oxidize when exposed to surface weathering in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits? A. Two monthsC. Six monthsE. None of the above B. Four monthsD. All of the above 22. Which of the following  prevents and delays the oxidation of some breccia pipe ores in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits? A. TrapsC. Massive sulphide capE. None of the above B. SealsD. All of the above 23. Which of the following is a p athfinder mineral for recognition of sealed breccia pipe?A. GoethiteC. DolomiteE. None of the above B. HematiteD. All of the above 24. Which of the following are potential environmental considerations in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits? A. Radon radiationsC. Radioactive elementsE. None of the above B. Gamma radiationsD. All of the above 25. What is the end product of uranium when precipitated by either ion exchange or solvent extraction in Solution – Collapse Breccia pipe deposits? A. Ammonium phosphateC. Ammonium diuranateE. None of the above B. Ammonium saltsD. All of the above

Gross domestic product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gross domestic product - Assignment Example In this case, the GDP acts as a clue in matters pertinent to financial wealth of the country through measuring standard of living in a given country. Consequently, every country develops interest in knowing about the GDP correlations to ensure a boost in the wellbeing. Some of these GDP correlations realized in every country are happy index, crime rate, corruption, income and if the country is developed or developing. it is intrinsic to gain the knowledge about how these factors affect the GDP in order to tailor projects that can restore a nation. Many studies have been carried out both having the aim of testing the hypothesis presented in the paper. Through carrying out a study on the GDP of different countries, the researchers give their prediction on whether the factors are likely to increase on reduce the GDP. Andrew E Clark and Claudia Senik presents study which shows that happiness index and income have impact on the GDP. The variables in play were income, happiness index and GDP. They confirm the availability of correlation between the factors and the former. In order to test their hypothesis, the authors verified the significant relationship between happiness index and income of a country. Evidently, they found that increase in happiness index insinuates that income is also likely to increase on the other hand. The authors assert that happiness of psychological importance to the citizens, especially in their endeavors of increasing their income (Clark and Claudia, 20). The study also showed that income has a significant relationship with GDP as can be shown by the correlation presented. The study concluded that the income affects the well-being in an indomitable way regardless of other factors. Clarifying the results, the study indicates that income improves a country’s ability to adapt. In a study carried out by the J.

Globalization Law Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization Law - Thesis Example The researcher proposes to do a case study on the effect of globalization on the labor market in gulf area. Scope of Report Our topic of study is the impact of globalization on labor markets with focus on gulf area. The study would include all the countries in the gulf area including Saudi Arabia. Due to globalization there has been movement of material, labor and capital also. These movements have left a tremendous impact on the organizations across the globe. The study would however focus on the effect on labor markets specifically, and examine what kind of impact it has left on the labor market. The researcher would like to adopt a research design that uses both qualitative and quantitative information. Using both qualitative and quantitative design approaches will allow the researcher to use both primary and secondary sources of information. This will lead to a better understanding of the topic. The researcher intends to analyze the effect of globalization on the labor market esp ecially in the gulf area.How the companies are coping with the problem will be studied and analyzed. In doing so the author will use the principles of Miles and Snow’s theory of superior performing business types discussed in their 1978 book (Miles et al, 1978).

Visual arts...a visit to the metropolitan museum of art Essay - 1

Visual arts...a visit to the metropolitan museum of art - Essay Example as revised to state that: â€Å"The mission of The Metropolitan Museum of Art is to collect, preserve, study, exhibit, and stimulate appreciation for and advance knowledge of works of art that collectively represent the broadest spectrum of human achievement at the highest level of quality, all in the service of the public and in accordance with the highest professional standards† (Metropolitan Museum of Art). Where is the mission found  within  the museum? Is it written for all to see or is it in a piece of literature available at the entrance?  The mission statement can be found in a stairwell near the 81st street entrance. Is it written clearly or do you think it’s too obscure, or too general? What makes it so? The mission statement is clearly written. The original statement, however, connects the art within the museum to the American culture, the spirit of the idea of creating a collection more defined by the culture for which the collection was created. The newer statement separates the art from the public, re-enforcing the idea that art is elitist and through this idea, creates an alienation of the average viewer from the works. The first statement was inclusive, while the second creates exclusivity. Upon entering the museum, the massive size and detail of the architecture leaves one breathless in its impressive impact. The architecture of the front entrance is organized symmetrically, giving a sense of balance and stability. The architecture is serious, intended to denote the importance of the building and impacting with a solemnity that quiets the soul upon entering. Even with the colorful banners on the outside of the entrance, the attendee is intimidated by its impressive stature. Despite its serious nature, the entrance to the museum invites the attendee to enter, to want the experience that waits within its walls. Despite its large and impressive stature, it is not intimidating, but evokes a sense of excitement in the attendee because of what is

Comparative Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Literacy - Essay Example Basically, when a play is tackling a particular issue, the audience can empathize thus achieving the level of influence that advocates of certain ideas and philosophies target. This can be considered as the power of the multi media. In the study of comparative literacy, the main target is the presentation of two plays that can be considered to have received literary recognition on the basis of being able to tackle the important and controversial issues that influence the members of the population. These issues can be considered as included in the problems that are being faced by the public to some degree. The controversy lies in the fact that these issues are also political in some aspects thus these plays were able to also catch the attention of the political sector. The play revolves around three characters that have different roles in the story. Paulina and Gerardo is a couple who had experienced first hand different political and social cruelties due to the fact that they had been living in a country that had experienced a long period of dictatorship. Paulina Salas had specifically experienced being violated during the time of the dictatorship due to her connection with her husband. She had been undergone torture which had been performed by the third character who is a doctor whom she wrongly given her trust. Basically the events that transpired during the course of the play were able to present political issues through the interplay of strong emotions specifically when the character of Dr. Roberto Miranda surfaced. This has brought about a faà §ade of strong emotions specifically displayed by Paulina. Due to the fact that she had been victimized by the people with power and capabilities to do such acts, her character had evolved from a normal woman who had overcome her past to a violent person. The character of

You Decide-Scenario 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Decide-Scenario 1 - Assignment Example The consumer goods manufactures will need to reach to this target market by introducing and developing the products that promote the healthy and fitness attributes (Lee, 2004). The young generation also needs to be addressed by providing them the goods that will help them in getting stronger and fitter. The young people need to be given guidance on finding their paths and encouraged to bring new and fresh ideas in the market. Regarding the marketers who are selling to the government, they need to tell the concerned authorities that now they have abundant human capital and they need to be utilized in the right way. Since the children are heavily dependent on their parents, the children need to be encouraged to bear their own expenses and help their parents so that they can acquire the education in timely manner and even start their families soon (Longman, 2004). According to Retherford and Ogawa (2005), the marketers need to help the government in designing the policies that will make right use of the available human capital and ensure that the aging population is given proper health benefits. The government and consumer goods’ marketers will have to create awareness in the young generation about the issues regarding proper planning and implementation of their quality education acquiring phase and early starting of their families. The growing population is a major concern for the developed countries and the number of old aged people is increasing at an accelerating rate. Lee (2004) has rightly stated that the old population is reluctant to take risks and try new ideas and hence, they are less willing to start new ventures. According to Longman (2004), the developed countries have abundant supply of human capital and it is better that the young generation is provided adequate guidance and resources so that new ventures start in the countries which will

Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Assignments - Assignment Example Therefore, involves fallacy of equivocation that encourages equality of parties. From the two argument presented by the pair, Zhou is self-centred as he tries to evade paying taxes by opposing government tax policy despite being wealthy enough to pay the taxes that can be distributed indirectly to help those who are poor to ensure equal distribution of wealth . However, despite existence of tax policy, there exist get-outs where wealth people go free without paying taxes hence measures such as follow up should be implemented to ensure everyone pays tax to facilitate the fallacy of equivocation. Third passage in the pair (Crittenden and Mirza) argument involves why American public school should shape up? Therefore, involves fallacy of slippery slope that is contradicted by the evidences provided by Mirza by providing an incidence of Continents such as Europe and Asia by displaying good student performance compared to students in America. Additionally, this can be evidenced by the history of industrialization where Europe became industrialized before

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example Certainly, chargebacks are not for all time the outcome of somewhat IS service provider did or did not perform sometimes mistakes are made by issuer of card, buyers and credit card holders (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009), (Visa., 2011) and (Conde, 2011). Moreover, a chargeback takes place after a consumer contacts their credit-card provider to challenge a charge that emerges on their credit card testimonial. Additionally, the chargebacks can take place due to several causes for instance an illegal agent has performed an acquisition the consumer’s credit card. In addition, there could be some concerns of chargeback wherein a buyer is not pleased with the strength of the IS services. There is another aspect in which consumer has been indicted numerous times intended for the similar order of purchase. In other scenarios a chargeback can take place when the purchaser is displeased by an acquirement and has not been capable to resolve the issue with the trader. Ot her cases may involve when the purchaser has not obtained the purchased products as they were promised by the IS service provider (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Google, 2011).

European Construction and Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Construction and Property - Essay Example The first part of this report attempts to assess the scope and value of the Bulgarian construction market comparing it with the UK. The second part of the report focuses on the scope for service integrators or managers that manage the operational service procurement for their customers in the construction industry, especially in the residential and office building sector. Bulgaria is situated in the South-East Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, and is one of the oldest European states. To the south it borders with the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Greece, to the west - with Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Danube River is the natural north border with the Republic of Romania, and to the east Bulgaria borders on the Black Sea. It is characterized by an extremely varied terrain: huge plains and lowlands, high and low mountains, plateaus, caves, basins and gorges. The lowest altitude is 0 metres (at Black Sea), the highest altitude is 2925 metres (the peak of Mussala in the Rila mountain). It has favourable position in terms of location from national and international perspective, and easy accessibility by air, rail and road. Encompassing just 2 % ... Bulgaria is a country of tranquil, ecologically clean, distinctive places of interest, where one can be absorbed by the traditional Bulgarian customs and culture at the same time. Capital Sofia (pop. 1.2 million) is a vibrant city thriving on expansion, architectural buildings and deep respect for multi-cultural diversity. The Black Sea coastal stretch faces east and extends over 378 km, its seawater clean and not tidal and its vast beaches covered with fine golden sand. The majority of Bulgaria beaches have been awarded the EU Blue Flag for their environmental excellence. The conditions for investments in the real estates sphere in Bulgaria have never been better. Bulgaria is a country of unlimited possibilities and it is the time to be first. Bulgaria is the newest hot destination for the real estate market in Europe. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BULGARIA - AN OVERVIEW Over 36,000 construction companies are registered in Bulgaria, 2,400 of which can be classified as medium and a few as large-sized. The volume of building and construction activities amounts to 2,500 million Euros per annum and the industry has a 5 % share in Bulgaria's GDP, which is expected to double over the next two years. Estimated annual growth is 15%. The sector employs some 120,000 people. Smaller companies have tended to merge into large joint-stock companies and consortiums, particularly seeking foreign technologies and management expertise. Bulgaria has been receiving large amount of donor aid and PHARE/ ISPA funds for infrastructure projects, the implementation of some of which will continue until 2008. Major road/ railroad, waste disposal, water/waste-water and landslide stabilisation projects are expected to be

Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman Essay Example for Free

Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman Essay In the article â€Å"Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman: Architects of female power† the author attempts to compare and contrast the convictions and beliefs of Charlotte Gilman and, her great-aunt, Catharine Beecher. One of the most important factors that is seen repeatedly in the article, is the concept that the environment encompassing the home is the center of all commerce for a woman. This thought process continues to build and establishes the idea that what begins in the home continues to radiate out into the lives of the woman and her family. Each female author further attempted to define the roles of a woman directly corresponding with the roles beginning in a woman’s private life and extending into the public life. Although Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Gilman had completely different interpretations of this ideology, the fact that the foundation of the argument was the same purports that the concept, regardless of interpretation, could have some basis on reality. The author of this article, Valerie Gill, very thoroughly cites from not only Catharine Beecher’s books â€Å"A Treatise on Domestic Economy† and â€Å"American Woman’s Home,† but also from Charlotte Gilman’s book â€Å"Moving the Mountain† and several of her lectures and articles including an article titled â€Å"Applepieville.† Gill (1998) states, that â€Å"Like Catharine Beecher, Gilman links the role of the women to the general health of the social system; the dependent and isolated situation of women in their homes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 2). Gill (1998) goes on to further state that â€Å"In spite of their different strategies for defining and locating women, however, Beecher and Gilman share an interest in the topography of female experience† and that â€Å"Both writers conceptualize the identity of women in spatial as well as socioeconomic terms, assuming that the fulfillment of their own sex can be quite literally mapped o ut.† (p. 2). The article then moves into much greater detail, analyzing each woman’s many forms of printed material. The extent and degree of information and detail written in this article about each represented author and their contributing works can ultimately be  seen as one of the articles main strengths. However, although this article gives a vast amount of information on the women’s opinions and beliefs the article at times seems disassembled and erratic. The flow of the article is somewhat hard to follow, and without an increased measure of concentration, the ability of the reader to comprehend and decipher whom the author is speaking of can be lost. Also, with the extensive amounts of information and detail that each female author contributes to the argument, readers are bombarded with data to interpret and distinguish upon. With the author of the article not decisively choosing the strongest points of argument from each author, the information becomes overwhelming and possibly confusing at times. The article â€Å"Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman: Architects of female power† attempts to give readers two different perspectives of a woman’s role in her home and how this affects her presence in society. Readers are given a multitude of supporting facts from both women’s interpretations on the topic. This fact, in certain circumstances, proves to be not only a strength of the article but also a weakness. Regardless of how each woman author interpreted these ideals, the simple fact remains clear that each assumed the role and presence of a woman becomes clearly defined as beginning in the home. References Gill, V. (1998). â€Å"Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman: Architects of female power†. Journal of American Culture, 21 (2). Retrieved from http://ctcdns02.ctcd.edu:2122/search/multiSearch.do;jsessionid=F6C4B68D9202464AFE8BAF1AC27987B8

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay The Castlefield viaducts form a part of the citys fascinating network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, tram, rail and road. Starting from the period of their construction, these viaducts have been standing as a constant and dominating feature on the Manchester skyline. They are unique with respect to their historic significance and construction. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset.   In the 20th century the viaducts underwent a dramatic renaissance, and they were brought back into productive use and glory. Though time and lack of substantive maintenance are inciting threats to the life and beauty of the structure, they are in surprisingly good condition given their age. Proper maintenance and replacements will slow down the deterioration process of the structure. This report covers the structural, historical and architectural significance of the Castlefield viaducts. It highlights how the ageing infrastructures of the viaducts were effectively transformed to a landmark structure of the modern era. The restoration of the viaducts has given a dramatic revival to the Castlefield area, thus making use of the previously disfunctional structure. Thus our aim is to stress the importance of conserving the antiquated structures by making use of the scientific and technical knowledge gained through the ages. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Source Cover image Castlefield viaducts in 2010 Photograph supplied by author 1.1 Castlefield viaducts in 1890 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher 1.2 Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view www.webbaviation.uk 1.3 Castlefield viaducts in 1892 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium www.bbc.co.uk 2.2 Castlefield excavations A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.3 Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts www.panoramio.com 2.4 Northern Brick viaduct www.panoramio.com 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts Drawing supplied by the author 4.1 Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.2 Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.3 Breakage and corrosion of iron sections www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 6.1 Architectural beauty of viaducts www.creativity103.com 6.2 Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct Drawings supplied by the author A.1.1 Great Northern viaduct :picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.1.2 Great Northern viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.2.1 Northern Brick viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.2.2 Northern Brick viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.3.1 Iron columns of the viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.3.2 Iron columns of the viaduct: present picture www.barrymillerphotographics.co.uk A.4.1 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.4.2 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: present picture www.engineering-timelines.com B.1 Plan of Castlefield in 1905 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke B.2 Plan of Castlefield in 1988 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.3 Aerial photograph of Castlefield by Paul Tomlin Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.4 Plan and section of the junction between the Manchester and Birmingham and Liverpool and Manchester Railways. www.freepages.com 1. INTRODUCTION The Castlefield viaducts are the excellent examples of 19th century attitude to engineering. Their heroic brute scale is romanticised by the castellalated turrets adorning the structure. The name Castlefield is a short form of field of the castle or fort. Castlefield  is an  inner city  area of  Manchester, in  North West England. It is arguably one of the most historically important areas in the world. Innovations have proliferated here and many artefacts have been constructed. In 79 AD the Romans built their fort on elevated ground, and canals were dug to allow natural watercourses to be diverted to mountain water levels. The worlds very first railway station was introduced in Castlefield in 1830, to allow the first rail transportation of coal as canal basins were so numerous that the only practical means of utilising railway transport was to build viaducts. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01024.JPG Figure 1.1: Castlefield viaducts in1890 Castlefield is conspicuous by its viaducts and its canals. The viaducts have become an indelible part of the landscape, valued and treasured as part of Manchesters industrial heritage. The fact of increasing the efficiency of transportation, paved way for the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. Gradually plans were evolved not only to conserve the area but also to promote leisure and tourism. C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workbridge-castlefield-c8675.jpg Figure 1.2: Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view During the 20th century both canal and railway transport declined and the area became somewhat derelict. The railway complex in Liverpool Road was sold to a conservation group and became the  Greater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01036.JPG Figure 1.3: Castlefield viaducts in 1892 2. HISTORIC RESEARCH 2.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND STRUCTURE Castlefield is the site of the original Roman fort of Mamucium or Mamceaster (mam from the Celtic name for hill and ceaster derived from the Latin word for a walled town). The fort was about five acres in size and guarded important route ways to and from Chester, York and the Chesire salt wiches. The roads, railways and canals of the Industrial Revolution destroyed most of the surface remains of the fort and the vicus. The price of coal was halved, making steam power commercially viable. The Rochdale Canal and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company  connected their canal to the adjacent Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Rochdale Canal Company  constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal. Figure 2.2 Castlefield excavations Figure 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium Artists impression of Roman Mamucium (c) Graham Sumner C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01034.JPG As new railway companies needed to access the city centre through largely built-up areas, only one option lay open to them the building of viaducts to carry traffic over the city. The railway lines the central cast iron arch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham 1848 viaduct, with 1877 wrought iron Cheshire Lines Cornbrook viaduct obscured, and the massive piers of the 1894 disused Great Northern Viaduct behind constructed over the course of half-a-century provided leading railway companies with the access to the city centre. These viaducts provided a splendid solution illustration to the problem of carrying a railway across the city. The townscape of southern Manchester was given a new transformation by the railway and the Castlefield viaducts. In fact these viaducts are still the engineering beauties of Manchester especially Castlefield. C:UsersreminDesktopphotos1.jpg Figure 2.3.Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts C:UsersreminDesktopphotos2.jpg Figure 2.4: Northern Brick viaduct 2.2. BIRTH OF CASTLEFIELD VIADUCTS The arrival of the Bridgewater Canal in Castlefield in July 1761 led to a series of developments which eventually caused the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. These developments are indicated pictorially as shown below. Arrival of the Bridgewater Canal (marked Industrial Revolution) Joining of the Rochdale Canal and other private canals with the Bridgewater Canal Construction of warehouses and storehouses prompted the need for accessing city centre Decrease in the price of coal gave the idea of constructing railway lines for transportation. Construction of the Castlefield viaducts for enabling railway transportation Figure 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts 3. STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW ORIGINAL STRUCTURE The cast iron arch railway bridge over the wharves by the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) into Deansgate Station. The MSJAR was Manchesters first suburban line. It ran from Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road and Deansgate (with a branch line to Altrincham). The bridge spans 31.9m. Like eight of its siblings (the exception being the Water Street MSJAR bridge), it has six cast iron ribs each made in five pieces and bolted together. The ribs are braced with cruciform cast iron sections. The twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates (the Altrincham line is no longer in use).The Altrincham branch viaduct had a second cast iron rib arch bridge by Baker, over Egerton Street. It was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The Northern Brick viaduct is entirely elevated on more than 2 miles of viaduct. Most of this viaduct comprises 224 brick arches, averaging 30feet in height and span, and 28feet in width. Foundations typically extend 30-35feet below the ground level. Near Ordsall Lane the railway crosses the Irwell with two much longer 65feet span brick arches, supported by a pillar in the middle of the river. A brick arch with a span of 80feet was required to bridge the canal branch. Supplementing the brick arches, the cast-iron bridges cross 26 streets and canals. Originally, flat-girder bridges were ear marked for these sections of the viaduct, but when an example of this type of bridge collapsed under a train in Chester in May 1847 the plans were altered amid safety doubts. In total, 28 cast-iron bridge sections were required (three at Knott Mill), all of them spanning 70ft, except for the example over the Rochdale Canal which spans 105ft. The bridges were obtained by engineer David Bell house from the foundries of E.T. Bell house. On the viaducts south side is the high-level iron truss girder viaduct of 1877 built for the  Cheshire Lines Committee by the  Midland Railway. It is known as Cornbrook Viaduct. The viaduct is a red brick and  wrought iron  truss girder construction. Building work started in 1873 and was completed in 1877. When it opened in 1877, it carried trains coming from a temporary station to  Irlam  and  Warrington, and  Chorlton  via a branch line. The temporary station was replaced by  Sir John Fowlers Manchester  Central Station  in 1880, which operated until 1969 and is now used as an exhibition centre (G-MEX). The through lattice girder design, predominantly of wrought iron, is around 330m in length, comprising eight spans. Formed from segmental castings and founded at a depth of 6.1m, the piers diameter tapers from 4.6m at their base to 3.2m at ground level. They are concrete-filled and tied to their neighbour by a girder dealing with lateral forces. Behind decorative castellation, bearing plates support the heavy end posts of 16 trusses, the longest of which reaches 53m. Each pair is restrained by brace beams at 6.4m centres. Span 7 is acutely trapezoidal, allowing span 8 to cross the Ordsall Lane line on a skew of around 65 ° its southern truss benefits from an additional orphaned column. The bottom chord of each truss forms a channel. The transverse bearers hold the deck plates and ribs to which the running rails are fastened. To the north is the 1894 Great Northern viaduct that served the  Great Northern Railways (GNR) warehouse. The high-level  tubular steel  viaduct is decorated with turrets. It was built for the Great Northern Railway Company and carried GNR trains to the companys Deansgate warehouse until 1963. Richard Johnson was a Chief Engineer of the GNR. The Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts stood disused for many years. When a route for the  Metrolink  trams was investigated, the Cornbrook Viaduct was found to be in much better condition than the 1894 one. It was chosen for refurbishment (1990-1991) and is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. During the regeneration of the Castlefield basin, a spectacular footbridge was built from Slate Wharf to Catalan Square. This is the Merchants Bridge, where the 3m wide deck is hung by 13 hangers from the steel arches. The span is 40m. The designers,  Whitby and Bird  acknowledge the influence of  Santiago Calatrava. The three viaducts passed right through the ancient Roman site, virtually obliterating it, as the opening of the Rochdale Canal had already destroyed much of it, as well as the old town of Aldport. Except the Great Northern viaduct all the other viaducts are still in use. The Great northern viaduct is now offered for sale. 3.2. FUNCTION The Northern Brick viaduct carried the double tracks between Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road railway station and Knott Mill railway station, then turns south west, crossed the canal basin and headed for Altrincham.   It forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway through Knott Mill Station. The Cornbrook viaduct is carried across Castlefield Basin on huge castellated brick piers and where it crosses the Bridgewater Canal an immense bridge of lattice girders was constructed with twin spans of 44 metres and 62 metres. It carried trains coming from a temporary station to Irlam and Warrington, and Chorlton via a branch line. At present 15 trams per hour (tph) use the Cornbrook viaduct which has fixed block two aspect signalling. When Phase 3a of the development process is complete, there will be 25 tph along the Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct served the  Great Northern Railways warehouse i n Deansgate by carrying GNR trains to the companys warehouse until 1963. 3.3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY The Northern Brick viaduct in the group of Castlefield viaducts and its impressive cast iron arch bridge was designed by  David Bellhouse and William Baker respectively. This is the largest cast iron arch bridge in the Castlefield area with a span of 104 feet. Each of the six cast iron ribs are made in five pieces and bolted together. They are braced with cruciform cast iron sections and the twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates. The project was a very large one, at least in terms of material: 300,000 cubic feet of stone 50,000,000 bricks and 3,000 tons of wrought iron. The ground was broken for the new line early in 1846. Subsequently, the railway ran into some financial difficulties that delayed work for about 18 months so that the railway was not completed until 1849. Brick arches were constructed by laying the bricks and mortar over scaffolding, which would maintain the arch shape until the mortar had set and the form was self-supporting. This scaffolding was usually left in place for two to three weeks after the brickwork had been completed. However, in January 1849 a section of the viaduct near Gloucester Street, just to the west of Oxford Road station, collapsed upon removal of the supporting scaffolding, killing several workers. An inquest revealed that wet weather had caused the mortar to set more slowly than anticipated. As a consequence, the scaffolding was left in place for longer periods, especially during the inclement winter months. No other major accidents occurred during the rest of the MSJARs construction. Red brick and  wrought iron  form the major raw materials for the construction of The Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct makes use of tubular steel construction. Decorative fittings in the form of small towers rising above and resting on the main structure adds beauty to the viaduct. 4. RESTORATION 4.1. WAY TO RESTORATION The restoration of the Castlefield viaducts gave a dramatic revival to the area, with the viaducts being brought back into productive use. The Annual Report on Built Heritage, 2006/07 categorised the Castlefield viaducts into Grade II, which indicated that the structure is of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them. Castlefields ageing infrastructure of the 1800s has been revived and in its place is one of Europes leading city break destinations, with some of the best shopping and most vibrant nightlife in the world.   By the 1970s the Castlefield area was decaying rapidly and was typical of many of the areas on the fringe of the city centre. In the early 1970s, excavations uncovered part of the site of the Roman fort. The process of removing the extensive, waist-high vegetation from the deck was relatively straightforward. Far more challenging has been the subsequent descaling work, ridding the viaduct of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. The abseil operation is self-contained, with collection bags and catch nets ensuring nothing falls to the ground. Progressing from west to east, the five spans of the first phase took place. But remaining phases were logistically more complex. The imaginative and sensitive conservation of the viaducts was to be achieved with high standards of urban design. When the Great Northern Railway Goods Warehouse was erected in 1898, the viaduct was widened on the north side to take four tracks, and a new spur built across Deansgate. The second cast iron rib arch bridge of the Altrincham branch viaduct was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The CLC Viaduct from Manchester Central Station to Cornbrook Junction was originally built as a two track viaduct then later widened to carry five tracks. Since the Cornbrook Viaduct was in much better condition compared to the Great Northern Viaduct, it was chosen for refurbishment in the year 1990 for a route for the  Metrolink  trams. It is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. Central Station closed in 1969 and the viaduct was unused, except for business premises in the arches, until repaired and converted for Metrolink which opened in 1992. Repairs included pointing some 70,000 square metres of brickwork and replacing many thousands of spalled and missing bricks. Metal widening was strengthened by concrete encapsulation and local plating repairs where required. After the structural repairs had been completed the metalwork was grit blasted and painted to protect it. Corrosion damage caused by breakdown of the waterproofing system was repaired. Where needed main girder ends were encapsulated in a reinforced concrete diaphragm beam supported on new bearings. Other bearings were freed by drilling and injecting grease. The entire structure of Castlefield Bridge was lifted by 75mm as part of the work on its bearings. This improved headroom will allow future 25kV electrification of the Network Rail line from the railway Castlefield Junction, near Deansgate Station, to Ordsall Lane Junction. Subject to funding, plans are being developed for a major refurbishment to happen in 2012/13, involving a waterproofing exercise and miscellaneous repairs to restore some durability. The major challenge is to completely encapsulate the structure. The paintwork has to be restored- which seems to have been brush-applied in a single coat and causing considerable corrosion. It is important to remove the vegetation which has secured a foothold on the underside of the structure where much of the ironwork never gets the opportunity to dry. Adequate measures should be adopted to remove the blockages within the drainage system. Clearing debris from the trusses bottom chord and thereby allowing them to drain should be also given priority. 4.2. PRESENT CONDITION Though the Castlefield viaducts have given the city some of its most dramatic spaces, some limited drawbacks can be cited in relevance to the present day construction owing to the ageing infrastructure of the 1800s. One of the most important among them is the effect of corroding metallic surface. The forged bolts and fittings have become rusted. The damp conditions have been more conducive to corrosion. Periodic inspection and removal of huge amount of loose material from the corroded surface is required. The construction gave the bottom chord of truss a trough shape, which gets covered by water during rains. These corrosive water traps pose an attention seeking problem. The steelwork of the supporting columns has peeling paint and patches of rust. The iron layers have got broken at intervals.   There are evidences of staining and efflorescence and botanical growth due to the seepage of water through the brick joints. The younger but sicklier northern viaduct remains devoid of func tion except for its iconic role in the cityscape and frequent on-screen appearances. 4.3. REMEDIAL MEASURES Time and a lack of substantive maintenance and Manchesters notorious weather have not been kind to the structure. The observations confirmed that loose corrosion product was falling from the structure. The botanical growth and vegetation should be removed from the structure. Another significant maintenance work to be carried out is the descaling work. The viaducts should be made devoid of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. Descaling could be done more easily with the use of cherry pickers. The piers and soffits should be cleared and protective coatings should be applied. The iron sections should be inspected for breakages and necessary replacements should be done at intervals. Measures should be adopted to ensure waterproofing effect at the critical sections. http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-7.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-1.jpg Figure 4.2: Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion Figure 4.1: Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workcs cwphotos9.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-4.jpg Figure 4.3: Breakage and corrosion of iron sections 5. PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED 5.1 DAVID BELLHOUSE (1792à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1866) David Bellhouse (junior) was the contractor for the construction of the Northern brick viaduct, which was completed in 1849. Bellhouse hailed from a family rich in construction and business experience. His father David Bellhouse (senior), (1764-1840) was a skilled joiner and builder. David Bellhouse (junior) started his career by erecting warehouses, mills and public buildings. During 1830, he built 5 brick warehouses for Manchester and Liverpool railway at the Liverpool road station in Manchester, the worlds first railway station. Later he took advantage of the rising railway boom due to industrial revolution and concentrated his work within Manchester and surrounding area. In 1845, Bellhouse got the contract to build the mile and three quarter long Manchester South Junction Railway. The viaduct passed very near the Bellhouse family businesses, both the timber yard and the cotton mill. In addition to building the viaduct and laying the track, Bellhouse was responsible for the purchase and demolition of buildings on the proposed site of the line, the alteration and diversion of streets. The track was laid on a thirty-foot-high arched viaduct through a densely populated part of Manchester. The railway was finally completed in 1849. The viaduct is still in operation today. Other prominent projects constructed by Bellhouse include Chorlton on Medlock Town Hall and Dispensary Exhibition house of the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society The Palatine Hotel Manchester Poor Law Union Moral and Industrial Training School WILLIAM BAKER (1817-1878) William Baker was a railway engineer. He designed the Northern brick viaduct, Castlefield. He started his career in 1834 at the  London and Birmingham Railway  between London and  Tring. In 1837, he worked for the  Manchester and Birmingham Railway. Later he became engineer of the  Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR). Eventually, he was appointed as the chief engineer of the London and North Western Railway Company. He wholly constructed, or remodelled and extended, the stations of the company in London, Liverpool and Manchester, as well as the stations in Birmingham, Preston, Bolton, Crewe, Warrington and Stafford.  Baker was designer and engineer of the  Battersea Railway Bridge.  He also acted as consulting engineer to the West London Extension Railway and the  North London Railway, and in Ireland he built the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore and the North Wall Extension Railways. He was elected  MICE  in 1848. THE  CHESHIRE LINES COMMITTEE  (CLC) The  Cheshire Lines Committee  (CLC), with a route mileage of 143 miles, was the second largest  joint railway  in Great Britain. The Cheshire Lines group was formed by a joint committee of the  Great Northern Railway  (GNR), Midland railway (MR) and the  Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway  (MSLR) in 1862 to regulate traffic on four proposed lines in  Cheshire The Stockport Woodley Junction Railway The West Cheshire Railway The Cheshire Midland Railway The Stockport, Timperley Altringham Junction Railway There was also a decision to open important series of lines and junctions around the south of Manchester and Stockport, which provided valuable access with other railways. In 1873, Premier main line between Manchester and Liverpool opened. Shortly Liverpool central was opened. The committee studied the need of an independent terminus at Manchester. As a result, they constructed Manchester central and a new 2 track viaduct from Cornbrook to central station. There was significant passenger and goods traffic between Liverpool and Manchester during this period. The second major route, which the CLC operated, was between Manchester and Chester. Even today, the CLC line between Manchester and Liverpool is the quickest route between the cities, but are utilising Piccadilly and Lime Street stations, respectively. 5.4 RICHARD JOHNSON (1827-1924) Richard Johnson was apprenticed to a builder and contractor as a carpenter in 1840. In October 1847 he was appointed to the staff of Brydone Evans, engineers to the GNR. In 1855 he was appointed District Engineer to the GNR loop line with an office in Boston and in 1859 he became responsible for the direct Peterborough to Doncaster line. In June 1861 he became Engineer for the GNR when Mr Walter Marr Brydone retired (with Joseph Cubitt as Consulting Engineer). He observed the Welwyn tunnel accident and fire. He was in charge of constructing the Derbyshire Extension Railways, notably the viaduct at Ilkeston over old coal workings, the curved viaduct at Gilbrook, and the long Kimberley cutting. He was also involved in the Newark Dyke Bridge, the Don Bridge, the Copenhagen tunnels, and the bridge over the GER at Peterborough. Richard Johnson was the Chief Engineer of the GNR and was responsible for the design of Great Northern viaduct of Castlefield, which was constructed in 1894. He d ied in Hitchin on 9 September 1924. HENRY HEMBEROW Henry Hemberow was an engineer by profession and was appointed as Resident Engineer working under the supervision of Mr. William Baker for the construction of the MSJAR. His direct involvement in any design works is not known. It is also not known if he had any direct contributions to the Castlefield viaducts in particular. The lack of information found about him during research may suggest that the impact he made in his role here and in his career as an Engineer, was not as significant as others of his time. 6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STRUCTURE In the 20th century Castlefield underwent a dramatic renaissance, with many historical buildings being brought back into productive use and glory. The Castlefield viaduct provides a strong contrast to these new structures, portraying the areas rich heritage and its prominence as the birthplace of the industrial revolution. 6.1 ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are of fundamental importance to the infrastructure of the area. Historically they functioned as a link for the transport of goods to the industrial centre. They are now a part of the citys efficient network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, trams, rail and road. The viaducts dramatically transformed the scale and visibility of urban exchange of the area, without disrupting the natural landscape and long established built-in environments. They are centrally located at one of Manchesters most successful regeneration areas in recent decades. The viaducts play a significant role in strengthening the tourism base, consolidating and supporting business activity. A vibrant residential community has been established. The rapid growth of commerce and population gave rise to further renovations of the structure. 6.2. ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are reminders of Manchester citys bold and distinguished Victorian era architecture. At sunset, the viaducts cast quite remarkable geometric shadows across the arena and over Castlefield, which is a beautiful sight and adds to the cultural feel of the area.  The viaducts provide a dynamic viewpoint for the whole of Castlefield. Through the reconfiguration and reuse of this previously disfunctional infrastructure, this area was the most visible expression of the existence of the Central Manchester development corporation between 1987 and 1997, although its gentrification has produced a lessening of the dramatic impact of the original host structure. As the backbone of the city the Castlefield viaducts have been a continual part of Manchesters regeneration, as well as its history. They are aesthetically distinctive and have landmark qualities.   Figure 6.1: Architectural beauty of the viaducts http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6-1ZWzByHny9hPzslsIvlZmH_Mppe8by6Ym-2Uc3xwyYRtEUt=1usg=__5iZaJ3v6ohnr-SeLY92OoiLGXl8= Figure 6.2: Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7Tk1yhTqk7MNltiVHnmZMMZw6Aa_s286FhXyyfkbX-VKC_hkt=1usg=__L2CIQTAEsSpRfjkObWnxa86aC2Q= 6.3. SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The Castlefield viaducts were the first of their type, and consequently are vital artefacts in the history of Manchester and the railways. They are noteworthy for both their design and size. One of the arches of the viaduct, the arch over the branch canal at Castlefield, had a span that was unus

Schizophrenia Symptoms Are Classified Into Three Categories

Schizophrenia Symptoms Are Classified Into Three Categories Schizophrenia has been defined as split mind. It refers not to a multiple personality split but rather to a split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions (Myers, 2007, p678). Schizophrenia is a disorder of the normal balance of emotion and thinking; is being defined as a collection of severe brain disorders in which the patient sees reality abnormally. In Schizophrenia one or more of the following symptoms are present: hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness that requires treatment for life. The twist of the movie, Beautiful mind, which occurs about middle through the movie, is that Nash is suffering from a severe form of Schizophrenia, and many the situations and places that he think exist in his life, are only part of his mind. Schizophrenia Symptoms: no one single symptom can determine the diagnosis; most of its symptoms can be applied to other mental illnesses. In men, Schizophrenia symptoms typically begin in the teens or 20s. In women, typically is the 20s or early 30s. Its unusual for children to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms are classified into three categories positive, negative and cognitive. The positive symptoms are hallucinations, speech disorganized, delusions, inappropriate laughter, and tears. Patients with negative symptoms are usually quite, toneless voices, expressionless faces, and rigid bodies. Most inappropriate behaviors are usually presented by the positive symptoms, and the absences of proper behaviors are the negative symptoms, last cognitive symptoms are slight and are often discover with a when neuropsychological tests are administer. Cognitive impairments frequently impede the patients ability to lead a normal life and earn a living. They cause great emotional distress Positive symptoms: reveal an excess or distortion of normal functions. These lively, abnormal symptoms may include: Delusions. Is the most frequent, these are beliefs that are not based in reality and usually entail misunderstanding of perception or incidents. Hallucinations. These typically involve seeing or hearing people or other things are not real, while hearing voices is the most common in patients with Schizophrenia, they can be in any of the senses. Thought disorder. Trouble speaking and organizing thoughts may result in stopping speech midsentence or putting together meaningless words, sometimes known as word salad. Disorganized behavior. This can be in many different forms, ranging from childlike silliness to random disturbance. Negative symptoms: is the lack, diminishment or nonexistence of characteristics of normal function. They may appear with or without positive symptoms. They include: Lack of interest in daily activities Display of lack emotions Reduced capability to make arrangement or carry out actions Neglect of personal hygiene Social withdrawal Loss of motivation Cognitive symptoms: involve troubles with thought processes. These symptoms may be the most disabling in Schizophrenia because they interfere with the ability to perform routine daily tasks. They include: Problems with making sense of information Difficulty paying attention Memory problems The Schizophrenia symptoms the viewer of the film A Beautiful Mind takes account of are hallucinations, both auditory and visual, paranoid ideations, delusional thinking, and a distorted perception of reality, all of which are symptoms that psychologists needs to determine and diagnose Schizophrenia. The movie convincingly uses the visual medium to expose stress and mental illness within one persons mind. The plot substitute auditory hallucinations with visual delusions to describe the story of the paranoid Schizophrenia. In the film A Beautiful Mind Nash experiences some of the positive symptoms. The first scene that showed the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia is also Nashs first hallucination in his college dorm room at Princeton University, when his drunken roommate Charles appears. Charles acts as a mentor to Nash by making him realize there is more in life than just study and work, that he must live life in a different way. Throughout his life, Nash has been a lone wolf, and Charles pushes Nash to go out, meets new people, makes some friends, and must learn to have respect for beer. It is then, when his mind relaxes, that he is capable to come up with his ultimate goal, create an original idea, and set himself apart from the rest of the students. Charles, the roommate stay in contact with John throughout his adult life and years later Charless niece, a little girl name Marcee, enters Johns mind as another coinciding hallucination. Nashs second hallucination is a estrange man who he refers to as Big Brother, a.k.a. William Parcher, Nash enters a world of secrecy and imagination when he meets him. While in a visit to the Pentagon, Nash first sees Parcher out of the corner of his eye. Later Parcher approaches Nash about a top secret job in which his lack of personal relationship would be a benefit. Parcher interprets a government secret agent that seeks out Nashs intelligence in the code- breaking area, something that he supposedly is the best because of a special capability he has when he looks in news papers, magazines or any other written document that he comes in contact with. In addition, this job that he has been given arouses his significance because he becomes part of the government where hes relied on. At one point in t he movie, Nash needs to locate and prevent the explosion of a Russian nuclear bomb. This delusional situation created within his mind, where he is completely unaware of its nonexistence is the best portrayal of this symptom in the movie, so real that is not easy for the viewer to identify it until later. The hallucination of Parcher is the key factor in Nashs delusional thinking. Nash delusions takes over his life, his hallucinations are all around the job Parcher assigned him regarding the nuclear bomb, supposedly Parcher places a device inside his arm that allows him to see a code under an ultra-violet light. Also with this implant under his skin Nash gain entrance to a secret location where he is to leave the cracked codes. In reality this top secret place is a vacant, falling down mansion, and the door key- pad that Nash types his entry secret code into doesnt work anymore. Nashs code breaking abilities are partly made possible by his hallucinations. The codes pop out of the pap er to him and everything makes sense. Even though the codes are imaginary since there was no secret- code- breaking- project underway, Nash deciphers complex mathematical formulas and in fact modifies a theory that had been accepted in its field. Around the same time he finds the love of his life in the class he teaches, Alicia one of his most brilliant students that he comes to met in a personal level and they fall in love to each other. Even though Nash is living torment with this delusions and hallucinations, hes able to still be a teacher, but he develops a new symptom wile in class Nash becomes paranoid, he start seeing a man that is staking him outside of the classroom. At this moment the film projects the full illness Nash is suffering, paranoid Schizophrenia, and until now he is unaware of his illness. But Alicia is already noticing signs and she showed him the documents, closed envelops, that she picked up from the dilapidated mansion mail box, and for the first time he is confront with his delusions. The evidence made Nash realize that he was hallucinating. When the conspiracy situation goes wrong in Nashs head he realizes he really needs mental help. He is taken, voluntarily to a psychiatric hospital, and is submitted to a very intense treatment. The scene on this movie that best explain the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia is the one showing Nash holding his baby son while the he is crying and Nash shows totally no sign of having emotions towards the baby or the situation at all. This is just one example, although a loss of feeling is one of the most preponderate negative symptoms. Nash is discharge from the hospital but he is prescribed with a high dose of medication, and while taking this medication to hold back the symptoms, Nash is shown returning to a normal life by becoming self aware. But the medication impedes completely his mathematical thinking as well as the way he feels and works. Although his illness interferes with his relationship, Nash and Alicia decide to stay together. As the relationship progresses, so does Nashs disease and his delusions. It is important to mention how the viewer is capable to observe the impact on Nashs activities of daily living the Schizophrenia has. His relationships with family, friends, and colleagues are disrupted by the intrusiveness of the symptoms of his mental illness, mainly because he is perceived as being so smart and the strange behaviors he exhibits are so contrasting with the perceptions that others had of him. His strange behavior seems even more difficult to understand because the onset of his mental illness occurs at a later age than is typical, in Nashs case, the onset occurs in his thirties. For a time, his family, friends, and colleagues attempt to ignore the symptoms and insist upon Nashs normalcy, but it becomes increasingly clear that Nash has a mental illness and needs to be evaluated for Schizophrenia. Once he has begun his descent into the world of Schizophrenia and goes deeper into it, Nash has increasing difficulty relating to the people around him. Even before the onset of his mental illness, he admits that he is not a particularly personable individual, and he has always been more comfortable and satisfied with numbers and his work than with people. Nonetheless, he is able, before his illness, to forge several significant relationships, including a romantic relationship that leads to his marriage to Alicia. Over time, however, the increased frequency, intensity, and persistence of his symptoms prove to be incredibly distracting, and even dangerous, putting the people that he loves in unsafe situations. However, characteristic of Schizophrenia, when he is in the pick of a hallucination or other symptom, he finds it impossible to distinguish between real and unreal. This state proves difficult for people, even those who love him deeply, to understand. When he is symptomatic, the powers of the hallucinatory figures that haunt him, especially Parcher, encourage him to harm his loved ones, and it is as if he never knew or cared about them. This condition is especially difficult for his wife, Alicia, who is affected most by Nashs illness and who is in the difficult position of making painful decisions about his treatment for Schizophrenia. Causes: Its not known, but researchers believe that a combination of genetics and environment factors contributes to development of the disease. Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate, also may contribute. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with Schizophrenia. While researchers arent certain about the significance of these changes, they support evidence that Schizophrenia is a brain disease. Risk factors: Having a family history of Schizophrenia Exposure to viruses, toxins or malnutrition while in the womb, particularly in the first and second trimesters Stressful life circumstances Older paternal age Taking psychoactive drugs during adolescence and young adulthood. Standardized criteria According to the revised fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia, three diagnostic criteria must be met: Characteristic symptoms: Two or more of the following, each present for much of the time during a one-month period (or less, if symptoms remitted with treatment). Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech, which is a manifestation of formal thought disorder Grossly disorganized behavior (e.g. dressing inappropriately, crying frequently) or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms affective flattening (lack or decline in emotional response), alogia (lack or decline in speech), or avolition (lack or decline in motivation) Social/occupational dysfunction: For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, are markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset. Duration: Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least six months. This six-month period must include at least one month of symptoms (or less, if symptoms remitted with treatment). Schizophrenia cannot be diagnosed if symptoms of mood disorder or pervasive developmental disorder are present, or the symptoms are the direct result of a general medical condition or a substance, such as abuse of a drug or medication. Subtypes The DSM-IV-TR contains five sub-classifications of Schizophrenia. Paranoid type: Where delusions and hallucinations are present but thought disorder, disorganized behavior, and affective flattening are absent. Disorganized type: Named hebephrenic Schizophrenia in the ICD. Where thought disorder and flat affect are present together. Catatonic type: The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated purposeless movement. Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility. Undifferentiated type: Psychotic symptoms are present but the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic types have not been met. Residual type: Where positive symptoms are present at a low intensity only. The ICD-10 defines two additional subtypes. Post-schizophrenic depression: A depressive episode arising in the aftermath of a schizophrenic illness where some low-level schizophrenic symptoms may still be present. Simple Schizophrenia: Insidious and progressive development of prominent negative symptoms with no history of psychotic episodes. Nash is taken to the psychiatric hospital to help him out with his illness. Nash was admitted to the hospital to see a psychiatrist where he was asked to talk about who he sees and what are his complications. During this interview Nash cuts his wrist to look for the implant that Parcher implanted and he discovers that its gone. The psychiatrist Dr. Rosen diagnoses Nash with Schizophrenia, and he receives 10 weeks of Insulin shock therapy, and is prescribes with anti psychotic medications. Upon returning home, the visions are suppressed, but so is every aspect of Nashs beautiful mind. He no longer can think right, feel right, or act right. He stops taking the medication, and loses another battle with his schizophrenia. Instead of going back to the hospital, he tries to battle the hallucinations on his own. He stops taking the medication, this is the turning point of the movie, where Nash learns how to really live his life, and therefore, his hallucinations come back again. As a result of not taking the medication has put Nashs family in danger. Alicia asks him to watch their baby at one point and he goes on with his hallucinations saying that Charles was watching the baby. Alicia becomes very frustrated and asks him to get back to the hospital, she calls Dr. Rosen but Nash runs after her and hurts her. As she was running away from the house Parcher asks Nash to finish her meaning kill her. The near accident with his wife and child changed the balance of power in his mind. Nash was suddenly faced with the prospect of being permanently committed to an institution. As Alicia tried to flee and report his behavior, Nash stepped in front of her car to prevent her from leaving. At that critical moment, a sudden insight appeared to heal him permanently. He said She never gets old. Nash had realized that during his hallucinations over the years, Marcee, Charles niece, had continued to be a little girl. It was a single lightning flash, which illuminated his entire mental landscape. The discovery was partly accidental and partly forced on him by his anxiety to avoid being committed to a hospital. Nash learns that life is more than making a discovery, or solving an equation. There is love and emotion involved; a wife, taking care of your baby, and the everyday joys of life. Instead of focusing on himself, John decides to go back to teaching classes, and shares his amazing knowledge with his students. All this, while ignoring the hallucinations that took over his mind. This is where an amazing inspirational quote is mentioned by Nash: Are the hallucinationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gone? No, but Ive gotten used to ignoring them, and as a result, theyve kind of given up on me. I think thats sorta what its like with dreams and nightmares. Weve gotta keep feeding them for them to stay alive His solution was to treat his demons as though they were real. He thanked Charles for being his best friend over the years, and said a tearful goodbye to Marcee. He told Parcher that he would not speak to him anymore. Gradually they troubled him less. Nash had to prevent new delusions from entering his mind. He used to humorously check with his students and colleagues whether they too could see his new visitors. He was checking for reality. Negative emotions always distort viewpoints and are accompanied by subtle feelings of discomfort. Despite the serious illness he had he worked hard and came up with the game theory and received a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

The Canterbury :: Canterbury Tales Knights Essays

The Canterbury As April comes, the narrator begins a pilgrimage to Canterbury from the Tabard Inn at Southwerk. Twenty-nine people make the pilgrimage toward Canterbury and the narrator describes them in turn. The pilgrims are listed in relative order of status, thus the first character is the Knight. Chaucer describes the knight as a worthy man who had fought in the Crusades. With him is a Squire, the son of the Knight and a 'lusty bachelor' of twenty. The Knight has a second servant, a Yeoman. There is also a Prioress, shy and polite. She is prim and proper, sympathetic and well-mannered. The Prioress wears a broach with the inscription "All things are subject unto love." With the Prioress is her secretary (the Second Nun) and a Monk. The monk is a robust and masculine man who loves to hunt. The Friar, Hubert, is an immoral man more concerned with making profit than converting men from sin. The Merchant from Flanders is a pompous man who speaks endlessly on how profits may be increased. He seems grave, yet there is no better man, according to the narrator. The Clerk follows the Merchant. As an Oxford student without employment, he is impoverished and wears threadbare clothes. The Man of Law is a man who deserves to be held in awe. He knows the law to the letter and gives the impression that he is far busier than he actually is. A Franklin travels with him. He is a man who lives in comfort and is interested simply in pleasure, particularly culinary delight. There are also five guildsmen: a Weaver, a Dyer, a Carpenter, a Tapestry-maker and a Haberdasher. With them they bring a Cook. A Shipman is the next traveler, who comes from the port of Dartmouth, and with him a Physician. The Wife of Bath is next; she is a weaver who wears bright red clothing. She has been married five times (and had several companions as a youth). The Parson is an honorable, decent man who cares for his congregation and adheres to the teachings of Christ. With him is his brother, a Plowman, who is equal ly kind. The final travelers are a Miller, a Manciple, a Reeve, a Summoner and a Pardoner. The Miller is a large man with an imposing physique. The Manciple is from a lawyers' college and knows every legal maneuver. The Reeve is a slender man with a fiery temper.

Gender Communication in a Relationship Essay -- essays research papers

In A Relationship you need: Gendered Communication One of the most important topics in communications is gender communications and that is why I decided to write about it. Gender communication is communication about and between women and men. It is the most important thing to almost everyone in the world. I learned about gender communication in a class last year with Naaeke and I think it is really important to have if any ones wants to have a good relationship with someone and everyone usually wants to build there life through a relationship between a man and a women. To start off a relationship the two in the relationship have to have good communication with each other. The different kinds of communication are linear, interactive, and transactional. Linear communication is a one way conversation. One person takes it over and talks the whole time and the other sits a listens. This could be both a good and bad thing. If the two are both talkers and like to take over the conversation they won’t be good because both are going to want to talk and not listen. Another way to make it bad is if a person doesn’t like a talker then they won’t like someone talking the whole time. The way it is good is when one don’t like to talk and the other does. Interactive is what you can call the nice or polite way of talking to each other. This is the way most conversations between two people on a first date. One listens to the other talk, then they talk and the other listens to them. This way is good because it could make you look polite an d it could make you look like that you are really interested in what the other person is saying. You can really get to know a lot about each other this way as well. The way it is bad is if the person that yo... ...nship and the time our relationship was great was when we had good communication. And because of our good relationship I know that she wants to marry me and I want to marry her and we know it will happen one of these days. We will get married and start a family but with out great communication we probably wouldn’t know or be with each other today. The point that I am trying to make is that if two people don’t have communication in their relationship it isn’t going to work or if it does work the relationship is going to suck. To be able to have a good relationship with some one you have to know what they like and what they don’t like. If you don’t know that you really don’t know them for who they are and nine times out of ten it’s going to fail. So good communication equals a good strong relationship and bad communication would equal a bad or boring relationship.

Thailand: Analysis of the General Insurance Industry

Brochure More information from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/606283/ Thailand Insurance Sector Description: Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia. It ranks midway in the wealth spread in South East Asia and is the 4th richest nation per capita, after Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia. The Thai economy in 2008 is forecasted to grow at 5. 6% (in the forecasted range of 5. 0-6. 0%). This figure is an improvement on 4. 8% growth in the previous year according to Fiscal Policy Office (FPO), Ministry of Finance.In 2008 accelerated public sector spending led to recovery in domestic demand which is expected to be far more balanced economic expansion. Government policy would then be forced to stimulate the domestic economy. This happens when external demand is likely to be softened from possible global economic slowdown. External stability in 2008 will remain strong with current account surplus estimated to be 0. 5% of GDP (in the range of 0. 3-0. 8% of GDP). In contrast, internal stability in 2008 may have some risk with increasing headline inflation at 4. 5% (in a range of 4. 3-4. 8%).This is mainly due to rising energy and food prices in the world markets. According to ‘The Economist’, real GDP growth will slow down by 1. 15% p. a over the next 4 years (2008-12), as compared to 5. 3% p. a in past 3 years since 2007. This sluggishness of GDP can be attributed to various negative factors, such as political uncertainty, instability of foreign exchange rates, and continuous high petroleum prices in 2006. The Thai insurance industry, along with the wider Thai economy, has now however recovered from the depths of the Asian financial crisis and is experiencing noteworthy growth.The trend is expected to continue as public awareness of the need for insurance increases. Market Performance and Forecast Within a span of 7 years (2000 – 2007), Thai Insurance Sector has experienced a growth of 191% currently valuated at $9,434. 72 million. The Knowledge Centre predicts, the overall market size will increase by 72. 5% further and is expected to touch the highs of $13,012. 75 million by 2011. The life insurance market in Thailand between 2000 and 2007 increased at a CAGR of 16. 57%. The Knowledge Centre envisages that this trend would continue and the market will see CAGR of 5. 5% in 5 years and reach $8,306. 21 million in 2011. The non-life insurance market in Thailand between 2000 and 2007 increased at a CAGR of 10. 73%. The Knowledge Centre also forecasts that the growth will continue and the market will see CAGR of 8. 34% in the next 5 years with the premiums reaching $4,706 million by 2011. Competitive Landscape Some of the top foreign insurance companies in Thailand are ACE, AIG, Allianz, AXA, Generali, ING, Millea Holdings, Manulife, New York Life and Prudential (UK).The market is dominated by AIA, the local name of AIG that accounted for approx. 29% of all of gross premiums in 2007. Thai Life (TLI) is considered to be the second largest player overall with a market share of approx. 14%. The next largest group is considered to be a joint venture between non-life insurer Ayudhya, local conglomerate Charoen Pokphand and Allianz (AACP) with a market share of approx. 14%. Other major players in this market are Ocean Life, Finansa, local associates of AXA (Krungthai) and ING.Non-life insurance sector in Thailand is further sub-categorized under Fire, Marine & Transportation, Hull, Cargo, Automobile, Compulsory, Voluntary, Miscellaneous, Industrial All Risks, Public Liability, Engineering Insurance, Aviation Insurance, Personal Accident, Health Insurance, Crop Insurance and Other Insurance. Some of the top companies in this sector are Bangkok Insurance, Dhipaya Insurance, Phatra Insurance, New Hampshire Insurance, Ayudhya Insurance, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance, MSIG Insurance, Sri Muang Insurance, Siam Commercial Samaggi, South East Insurance, Viriyah Insurance, Synmunkong I nsurance, Krungthai Panich etc.Driving factors – Balanced economic expansion and supporting role of the government – Recent reforms and government’s regulatory initiatives – Re-defined financial practices and strengthening of corporate governance Relaxation of restrictions on directors and senior executives of insurance companies Amendment of clauses governing the evaluation of assets & debts of a life insurance company Merger or consolidation of the large number of local insurers Middle income industrial developing nation Growing interest in Bancassurance Adoption of THBFix and Bibor Establishment of Insurance CommissionMajor trends, issues and opportunities – Mergers and acquisitions in Thailand's insurance industry are likely to drop off – Thailand's economy is slowing as the effects of high oil prices, rising interest rates and longrunning political uncertainty take their toll. – Political uncertainty and instability of foreign ex change rates – Bullish trend in fixed deposit rates – Government regulations laying a strong foundation for future growth – Increase in foreign ownership limits – Move towards a knowledge economy through skills development – Issues in Health Insurance Systems Topics covered in the report Thai economy, its performance, future outlook for 2008-09 – Government’s economic policies, macroeconomic factors, trends and analysis – Economic and Insurance environment in Thailand – Market performance and forecast for Thai Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 and 2011 – Market performance and forecast for Thai Life Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 & 2011 – Market performance and forecast for Thai Non-Life Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 & 2011 – Recent reorganization of financial institutions and setting up of Insurance Commission – Corporate Finance Legislation and other major regulatory development s – Role of Bancassurance Specific regulations and norms by the Thai Government for insurance sector. – Sub-categorization of life and non-life insurance sector – Competitive landscape & market share of companies in life and non-life insurance sector – Company profiles of top players in life and non-life insurance sector Contents: 1. THAILAND 1. 1. THAI ECONOMY 1. 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES 2. THAI INSURANCE SECTOR 2. 1. MARKET OVERVIEW 2. 2. MARKET PERFORMANCE & FORECAST 2. 2. 1. Thailand Insurance Market 2. 2. 1. 1. Thailand – Life Insurance Market 2. 2. 1. 2. Thailand – Non-Life Market 2. 3. DRIVING FACTORS 2. 3. 1.Recent Reforms 2. 3. 2. M&A or transfer of the business of an Insurance Company 2. 3. 3. Thai Corporate Finance Legislation 2. 3. 4. Role of Bancassurance 2. 3. 5. Recent Regulatory Developments 2. 3. 6. Insurance Commission replaced Department of Insurance 2. 4. TRENDS, ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES – AN ANALYSIS 2. 4. 1. Insura nce M&A likely to drop 2. 4. 2. Pending Legislations 2. 4. 3. Implications for Foreign Insurers 2. 4. 4. Skills development remains a key 2. 4. 5. Issues in Health Insurance Systems in Thailand 2. 5. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 2. 6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 2. 6. 1. Life Insurance 2. 6. 1. 1.Life Insurance Renewal Market 2. 6. 1. 2. Single Premium Market 2. 6. 2. Non-Life Insurance Market 2. 6. 2. 1. Fire Insurance Market 2. 6. 2. 2. Marine and Transportation Market 2. 6. 2. 3. Cargo & Hull Market 2. 6. 2. 4. Automobile Sector 2. 6. 2. 5. Miscellaneous Insurance 2. 6. 2. 6. Industrial All Risks Insurance 2. 6. 2. 7. Public Liability Insurance 2. 6. 2. 8. Engineering Insurance 2. 6. 2. 9. Aviation Insurance 2. 6. 2. 10. Health Insurance 2. 6. 2. 11. Personal Accident Insurance 2. 6. 2. 12. Other Insurance 2. 6. 3. Company Profiles 2. 6. 3. 1. American International Assurance company (AIA), Thailand 2. . 3. 2. ACE INA Overseas Insurance Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 3. Ayudhya Insurance Public Co mpany Limited 2. 6. 3. 4. Ayudhya Allianz C. P. Life Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 5. Bangkok Insurance Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 6. Bangkok Union Insurance 2. 6. 3. 7. Charan Insurance 2. 6. 3. 8. Deves Insurance 2. 6. 3. 9. ING Life Limited 2. 6. 3. 10. Indara Insurance 2. 6. 3. 11. Manulife Insurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 12. MSIG Insurance 2. 6. 3. 13. QBE Insurance (Thailand) Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 14. Sri Muang Insurance 2. 6. 3. 15. The Viriyah Insurance Co. , Ltd. List of TablesTable 1: Macroeconomic Trends: Population (mil. ) vs. Nominal GDP ($ bil. ) – 2002-2011f Table 2: Macroeconomic Trends: GDP per capital ($ bil. ) vs. Real GDP Growth (%) – 2003-2011f Table 3: Growth Trends: Inflation (2002-2008f) Table 4: Key Economic Indicators Forecast – 2007-2012f Table 5: Growth Trend Comparison: GDP Growth vs. Insurance Growth (%) – 2000-2011 Table 6: Thailand Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 7: Thailand Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 8 : Insurance Density: Premiums Per Capita in USD Table 9: Insurance Premium in % of GDP (2001-2011f)Table 10: Growth Trend of Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance ($Million): 2000-2011f Table 11: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 12: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 13: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 14: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 15: Thailand Insurance Sector: Projections of Macroeconomic Drivers (2006-2010f) Table 16: Market Share of Top Players in Life Insurance Sector: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (Million Baht) and their Growth (%)Table 17: Life Insurance Total Premium Growth Year on Year by Company 2006-2007 (%) Table 18: Life Insurance Market Growth by First Year Premium of Top Companies: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (mn Baht) Table 19: Life Insuran ce Market Growth by First Year Premium of Top Companies: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (%) Table 20: Life Insurance Premium Renewal (million Baht) and Growth (%) Year on Year for Top Companies (2006-2007)Table 21: Life Insurance Renewal Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (mn Baht) Table 22: Life Insurance Single Premium Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (mn Baht & % growth) Table 23: Loss Ratio of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007) Table 24: Marine and Transportation Companies: Markey Share by Direct Premium (Unit: 1,000 Baht) Table 25: Automobile Insurance Top companies by Direct Premium (2007) Table 26: – 2007 Table 27: 007 Table 28: 2007 Table 29: 2007 Table 30: Table 31: Table 32: Table 33: Top Miscellaneous Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) Top Industrial All Risk Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – Top Public Liability Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – T op Engineering Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – Top Top Top TopAviation Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Health Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Personal Accident Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Other Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 List of Charts Chart 1: Macroeconomic Trends: Population (mil. ) vs. Nominal GDP ($ bil. ) – 2002-2011f Chart 2: Macroeconomic Trends: GDP per capital ($ bil. ) vs.Real GDP Growth (%) – 2003-2011f Chart 3: Growth Trends: Inflation (2002-2008f) Chart 4: Key Economic Indicators Forecast (2007-2012f) Chart 5: Growth Trend Comparison: GDP Growth vs. Insurance Growth (%) – 2000-2011f Chart 6: Thailand Insurance Market Value ($billion): 2000-2007 Chart 7: Thailand Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 8: Insurance Density: Prem iums Per Capita in USD Chart 9: Insurance Premium in % of GDP (2001-2011f) Chart 10: Thailand Insurance Market: Segment Share 2007Chart 11: Growth Trend of Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance ($Million): 2000-2011f Chart 12: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Chart 13: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 14: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Chart 15: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 16: Market Segmentation of Non-Life Insurance (%): 2007 Chart 17: Market Segmentation of Non-Life Companies by Ownership 2007 (%) Chart 18: Comparison of Direct Premiums of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007 & 2006) Chart 19: Direct Premium per Insurance Policy for 2007-2006 (Baht) Chart 20: Comparison of Sum Insured Per Premium of Non – Life Insurance Business Segments (2007 & 2006) Chart 21: Loss Ratio of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007) Chart 22: Market Share of Top Life Insurance Companies by Total Premium in 2007 (%) Chart 23: Life Insurance First Year Premium Market Segment in 2007 by Top Companies(%) Chart 24: Life Insurance Premium Renewal (million Baht) and Growth (%) Year on Year for Top Companies (2006-2007)Chart 25: Life Insurance Renewal Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (%) Chart 26: Single Insurance Premium Company Segmentation 2007 Chart 27: Fire Insurance Companies – Market Share (%): 2007 Chart 28: Marine & Transport Insurance Segment Share (%): 2007 Chart 29: Cargo and Hull Market: Direct Premium Share (%) in 2006-2007 Chart 30: Marine and Transportation Companies: Markey Share by Direct Premium (Unit: 1,000 Baht) Chart 31: Market Share of Automobile Insurance Sub Sector 2007 Chart 32: Automobile Insurance Top Companies – Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 33: Market Share of Miscellaneous Non-Life Sector (%) – 2007 Chart 34: Top Miscellaneous Non-Life In surance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 35: Top Industrial All Risk Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 36: Top Public Liability Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 37: Top Engineering Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007Chart 38: Top Aviation Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 39: Top Health Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 40: Top Personal Accident Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 41: Top Other Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Authors: Jasvita Anand, Akash Rakyan & Nishith Srivastava Ordering: Order Online – http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/606283/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. 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